![]() These characteristics include cardiorespiratory, renal and endocrine comorbidities cognitive, mental or physical disabilities medication use housing characteristics neighborhood characteristics such as urban heat islands, crime and safety social isolation and individual behaviors such as air conditioning use, opening windows and using fans and use of cooler public spaces. The evidence for the social, behavioral and technological mechanisms by which racial and socioeconomic disparities in vulnerability exist is also reviewed. The evidence for race, ethnicity, income, education and occupation, at the individual and area levels, as indicators of vulnerability is reviewed. Adaptation to increasing extreme heat in a changing climate requires a precise understanding of who is most vulnerable to the health effects of extreme heat.
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